Panama, a narrow land bridge connecting Central and South America, holds a pivotal place in world history due to its strategic geographical location. The region has been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous groups such as the Kuna, Ngäbe-Buglé, and Emberá, whose cultures still thrive in the country today. The first Europeans arrived in Panama in the early 16th century, led by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the Americas.
Under Spanish colonial rule, Panama became a crucial transit route for gold and silver being transported from South America to Spain. This role made Panama a target for pirates and privateers, including the infamous Henry Morgan, who sacked Panama City in 1671. The construction of a transcontinental railway in the mid-19th century, followed by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, further cemented the country’s role as a global crossroads, allowing ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without having to navigate the lengthy and treacherous route around Cape Horn.
Panama gained independence from Spain in 1821 and briefly joined Gran Colombia before becoming fully independent from Colombia in 1903, with the help of the United States. For much of the 20th century, Panama’s political and economic fortunes were tied to the Panama Canal, which was controlled by the United States until it was handed over to Panama in 1999. Today, the canal continues to be a vital economic asset, and Panama’s historical and cultural landmarks reflect the country’s unique blend of indigenous, colonial, and modern influences.
Historical Landmarks of Panama
1. Panama Viejo (Old Panama)
The First European City on the Pacific Coast
Panama Viejo (or Old Panama) is one of the most significant historical landmarks in Panama. Founded by the Spanish in 1519, it was the first European settlement on the Pacific coast of the Americas. The city thrived as a commercial center for nearly 150 years before it was attacked and destroyed by the pirate Henry Morgan in 1671.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: Panama Viejo was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997 as part of the “Archaeological Site of Panama Viejo and Historic District of Panama.”
- Founding of the City: Panama Viejo served as a hub for gold and silver transported from the Inca Empire to Spain and became a key transit point between the Old World and the New.
Ruins and Architectural Highlights
- Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción: The ruins of this cathedral, with its impressive bell tower still standing, are a prominent feature of the site and offer panoramic views of the surrounding ruins and modern-day Panama City.
- Old City Walls and Structures: The remains of colonial buildings, including administrative offices, religious institutions, and private homes, reflect the city’s former glory before it was destroyed.
Historical Significance
- Panama Viejo was a major trade and cultural hub during the Spanish colonial era.
- The city’s destruction by Henry Morgan in 1671 marked a significant moment in Panama’s history, leading to the establishment of a new Panama City, located a few kilometers away, which would become the modern capital.
2. Casco Viejo (Historic District of Panama)
The Rebirth of Panama City
Casco Viejo, also known as Casco Antiguo or San Felipe, was founded in 1673 after the destruction of Panama Viejo. It became the new center of political, religious, and cultural life in the country. This historic district is a stunning blend of colonial, neoclassical, and French architectural styles, reflecting Panama’s diverse cultural influences.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: Casco Viejo was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with Panama Viejo in 1997 due to its historical and architectural significance.
- The Layout of Casco Viejo: The district’s narrow cobblestone streets, plazas, and colonial-era buildings make it one of the most picturesque and historically rich areas in the country.
Key Landmarks in Casco Viejo
- Metropolitan Cathedral of Panama: This grand cathedral, completed in 1796, is the largest religious building in the country and features two white towers that stand out against the skyline.
- Palacio de las Garzas: The official presidential residence of Panama, the palace is a striking example of neoclassical architecture and holds a central place in the country’s political history.
- Iglesia de San José: Known for its famous Altar de Oro (Golden Altar), this church was reportedly saved from Henry Morgan’s looting by being painted black to appear worthless.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- Casco Viejo became the political and cultural heart of Panama after the decline of Panama Viejo, and it continues to be a focal point of the country’s national identity.
- Today, the district is undergoing extensive restoration, transforming it into a vibrant cultural hub with museums, galleries, restaurants, and cafes that celebrate Panama’s heritage.
3. The Panama Canal
One of the Greatest Engineering Feats in History
The Panama Canal is undoubtedly one of Panama’s most famous landmarks and a marvel of modern engineering. Completed in 1914 after a decade of construction by the United States, the canal revolutionized global shipping by providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The canal has had a profound impact on global trade and remains a vital artery for international shipping.
- History of Construction: The French initially attempted to build the canal in the late 19th century but abandoned the project due to engineering challenges and disease. The United States resumed the project in 1904 and completed the canal after solving significant health and logistical problems.
- Panama Canal Expansion: In 2016, the canal underwent a major expansion with the opening of the Panama Canal Expansion (Third Set of Locks), allowing larger ships, known as New Panamax vessels, to pass through.
Visitor Centers and Key Features
- Miraflores Locks Visitor Center: Located near Panama City, this visitor center offers an excellent view of ships passing through the canal and provides interactive exhibits on the canal’s history and operation.
- Pedro Miguel and Gatun Locks: These massive lock systems raise and lower ships, allowing them to pass through the canal’s different elevations.
Economic and Cultural Importance
- The canal is a major source of revenue for Panama, contributing significantly to the country’s GDP.
- The handover of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama in 1999 was a key moment in the country’s history, symbolizing Panama’s control over its most important national asset.
4. Fort San Lorenzo
A Colonial Fortress and UNESCO Site
Fort San Lorenzo, located at the mouth of the Chagres River, was one of the most important Spanish colonial fortifications in Panama. Built in the 16th century to protect the Caribbean side of the isthmus from pirates and privateers, the fort played a crucial role in defending the Spanish Empire’s treasure fleets.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: Fort San Lorenzo is part of the Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo UNESCO World Heritage Site, designated in 1980.
- Strategic Importance: The fort was strategically located to guard the entrance to the Chagres River, which was a key transit route for goods being shipped from the Pacific side of Panama to the Caribbean.
Architectural and Historical Features
- Well-Preserved Ruins: The fort’s walls, cannons, and dungeons offer visitors a glimpse into the military architecture of the Spanish colonial era.
- Panoramic Views: The fort’s location atop a cliff offers breathtaking views of the Caribbean Sea and the surrounding jungle.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- Fort San Lorenzo was repeatedly attacked by pirates, including Sir Francis Drake and Henry Morgan, during the height of the transatlantic trade.
- Today, the fort serves as a popular tourist attraction, allowing visitors to explore Panama’s colonial military history while enjoying the natural beauty of the surrounding area.
5. Portobelo
A Key Port in Spanish Colonial Trade
Portobelo is a historic port town on the Caribbean coast that played a central role in Spain’s colonial trade network. Founded in 1597, Portobelo became one of the most important ports in the Spanish Empire, serving as a key site for the export of silver from the mines of Peru and Bolivia.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: Portobelo is part of the Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its role in protecting Spain’s transatlantic treasure fleets.
- Royal Fair of Portobelo: For much of the 17th century, Portobelo hosted the Feria de Portobelo (Royal Fair), one of the largest trade fairs in the Americas, where European and American merchants gathered to exchange goods.
Key Historical Landmarks in Portobelo
- Fortifications of Portobelo: The town is home to a series of Spanish colonial fortifications, including Fort Santiago, Fort San Jerónimo, and the San Fernando Battery, which were built to protect the port from pirate attacks.
- Customs House: Built in the 17th century, this large colonial building served as the administrative center for collecting taxes and regulating trade in Portobelo.
Cultural Significance
- Portobelo is famous for its vibrant Congos tradition, an Afro-Panamanian cultural expression that includes music, dance, and storytelling.
- The town is also known for the annual Festival of the Black Christ, a religious celebration that draws pilgrims from across the country to honor the statue of the Black Christ of Portobelo, housed in the town’s church.
Cultural Landmarks of Panama
1. The Kuna Yala (San Blas Islands)
A Preserve of Indigenous Culture
The Kuna Yala, also known as the San Blas Islands, is an archipelago located off the northeastern coast of Panama. It is home to the Kuna (Guna) people, one of Panama’s most prominent indigenous groups. The Kuna people have maintained a high degree of autonomy and continue to preserve their traditional way of life.
- Autonomous Indigenous Territory: The Kuna Yala is a self-governing indigenous territory, where the Kuna people control their own political, social, and economic affairs.
- Cultural Preservation: The Kuna are known for their vibrant culture, including traditional clothing, crafts, and molas, intricately sewn textiles that are an important part of Kuna identity.
Key Features and Cultural Significance
- Mola Art: The production of molas, colorful textile panels that depict traditional Kuna symbols and stories, is a central aspect of Kuna culture. Visitors to the islands can purchase molas and learn about their cultural significance.
- Sustainable Tourism: The Kuna have embraced eco-tourism as a means of preserving their environment and culture, offering visitors a chance to experience the beauty of the islands while learning about Kuna customs.
Historical and Cultural Importance
- The Kuna Yala represents one of the best-preserved indigenous cultures in the Americas, and the Kuna people’s successful resistance to outside influence has allowed them to retain their autonomy and traditions.
2. Iglesia del Carmen
A Gothic Masterpiece in Panama City
Iglesia del Carmen is a stunning example of Gothic architecture located in the heart of Panama City. Built in the early 20th century, this Roman Catholic church is one of the most beautiful and well-preserved churches in the country.
- Gothic Revival Architecture: The church is notable for its pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and intricate stained-glass windows, all of which are characteristic of the Gothic Revival style.
- Religious Significance: Iglesia del Carmen serves as an important religious site for Catholics in Panama, hosting regular masses and religious ceremonies.
Key Architectural Features
- Stained Glass Windows: The church’s large stained-glass windows depict scenes from the Bible and add a sense of grandeur to the interior.
- Spire and Bell Towers: The church’s twin bell towers rise above the surrounding cityscape, making it one of the most recognizable landmarks in Panama City.
3. El Valle de Antón
A Crater Valley with Rich Cultural History
El Valle de Antón is a unique town located inside the caldera of an ancient volcano, surrounded by lush mountains and tropical forests. This picturesque town is not only known for its natural beauty but also for its rich cultural traditions.
- Cultural Significance: El Valle is home to several indigenous groups, including the Ngäbe-Buglé, who maintain traditional customs and handicrafts.
- Handicraft Market: The town’s artisan market is famous for its handcrafted goods, including tagua nut carvings, baskets, and traditional Panamanian masks used in local festivals.
Key Landmarks and Attractions
- La India Dormida: This mountain formation, resembling a sleeping woman, is one of the most famous natural landmarks in El Valle and is steeped in local folklore.
- Pre-Columbian Petroglyphs: Ancient petroglyphs found near the town provide insight into the region’s indigenous history and pre-Columbian cultures.
4. Biomuseo
A Celebration of Panama’s Natural and Cultural Heritage
The Biomuseo, located on the Amador Causeway in Panama City, is a museum dedicated to the biodiversity of Panama and its role as a land bridge between North and South America. Designed by renowned architect Frank Gehry, the museum is an architectural and cultural landmark.
- Architectural Icon: Gehry’s colorful and modern design contrasts with the surrounding landscape, making the Biomuseo a striking addition to Panama’s skyline.
- Exhibits on Biodiversity: The museum’s exhibits explore Panama’s unique ecosystems and the country’s role in the Great American Biotic Interchange, which allowed species from North and South America to mix when the Isthmus of Panama was formed.
Cultural and Environmental Importance
- The Biomuseo highlights Panama’s rich natural heritage and promotes environmental awareness through its interactive exhibits and educational programs.
- The museum is an important cultural institution in Panama, helping to bridge the gap between the country’s natural and human history.
5. Las Tablas and the Carnival Festival
The Heart of Panamanian Carnival
The town of Las Tablas, located on the Azuero Peninsula, is famous for hosting Panama’s largest and most extravagant Carnival celebration. Carnival in Panama is a vibrant cultural event that combines Spanish traditions with Afro-Panamanian influences, and Las Tablas is at the heart of the festivities.
- Cultural Significance: The Carnival of Las Tablas is known for its elaborate costumes, parades, and music, reflecting Panama’s diverse cultural heritage.
- Competitions: The town is divided into two competing groups, Calle Arriba and Calle Abajo, which vie for the title of the best Carnival queen, float, and performance.
Festivities and Cultural Traditions
- Traditional Dances: The Carnival features traditional dances such as the tamborito and cumbia, which are accompanied by lively drumming and folk music.
- Costume Parades: The highlight of the celebration is the parades, where participants wear elaborate costumes that showcase Panamanian folklore, mythology, and history.
Cultural Importance
- Carnival is one of the most important cultural events in Panama, and Las Tablas has become synonymous with the country’s Carnival tradition.
- The festival attracts visitors from all over the country and the world, making it a key event in Panama’s cultural calendar.